How do Differential Association Theories best Demonstrate...

Differential association theory was Sutherland’s major sociological contribution to criminology, similar in importance to strain theory and social control theory. These theories all explain deviance in terms of the individual’s social relationship. Sutherland’s theory make tracks from the pathological perspective and biological perspective by features the cause of crime to the social context of individuals. â€Å"He rejected biological determinism and the extreme individualism of psychiatry, as well as economic explanation of crime. His search for alternative understanding of crime led to developmental of differential association theory. In contrast to both classical and biological theories, differential association theory pose no obvious†¦show more content†¦That is, a person’s action are in part decided by what they perceive the consequences of their action or lack of action will be. â€Å"Whether individuals will refrain from or commit a crim e at any given time (and whether they will continues or desist from doing it in the future) depends on the past, present and anticipated future rewards and punishment for their actions† (Akers and Sellers, 2004:87). According to Akers and Sellers (2004), reinforcement of attitudes, beliefs and values occurs through both differential association and imitation can be either positive or negative. Positive reinforcement occurs when actions are rewarded through positive reactions to the behaviour as well as through positive consequences. Positive reinforcement can increase the probability of criminal behaviour through these rewards. Negative reinforcement, on the other hand involves the removal of negative outcomes or responses, and this may also increased probability of taking certain action. The degree to which differential reinforcement occurs is related to the degree, incidence and like hood of its occurrence. That is, reinforcement is most likely toShow MoreRelatedDeterminants of Violence in the Greek Football League a Case Study of Paok Fc Supporters13608 Words   |  55 Pagestracing the history of the game, there are three sets of laws in particular that made a significant contribution to today’s game. They are known as Cambridge (1948), Sheffield (1857), Uppingham (1862) and Football Association (1863) rules. The amalgamation of Sheffield and Football Association rules in 1878 provided the first foundations for the development of the game. Since then the phenomenon of football has affected almost every country in the world. 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Brown notes, at institutions with strong mentoring programs ―because it is the only place where an applicant can elaborate a research interest to the extent that faculty members can judge how well that interest dovetails with their ownâ€â€" (245). Identify graduate programs that specialize in your area or areas of interest. Remember, your statement should mention a specific program and perhaps even target a subdivision or an area within that